Multicycle tray ovens move the food through the oven on trays attached to a chain conveyor. As the wheels turn, the trays of food move vertically through the oven and also horizontally from front to back. A video of a rotary oven in operation is available at Reel ovens have hinged trays fitted between two slowly rotating wheels, similar to a Ferris wheel. Rotary ovens have a similar design to rack ovens, but the racks of food rotate around a vertical spindle in the oven. Rotary ovens, reel ovens and multicycle tray ovens each move foods through the oven on trays, with loading and unloading taking place though the same door. Available at: ( > select ‘World of products’ > ‘Baking’) (last accessed February 2016)). Werner & Pfleiderer Lebensmitteltechnik GmbH (WP Bakery Technologies). Courtesy of WP Bakery Technologies (WP Bakery Technologies, 2016. As a result, these ovens are popular for small- and medium-sized bakeries.įigure 16.2. The ‘modular’ construction allows individual ovens to be simultaneously used for different products, thus increasing the flexibility of operation, and additional modules can be added to expand production without having to replace the entire plant. 16.1) is widely used for bakery products, meats and flour confectionery products. Similar designs are used for industrial cooking of hamburgers, bacon and poultry (see Section 10.3) and may be fitted with smoke generators for smoking meats, cheeses and fish (see Section 15.2.1). Deck ovens are highly flexible for different products including breads, rolls, buns, pastries, muffins, cakes, pies, croissants and pizzas. Ovens are fitted with steam injection systems to direct precisely timed blasts of steam over the surface of baked products to gelatinise starch and produce a glazed crust on products such as crusty breads, bagels and French baguettes. This also increases productivity because baking pans do not have to be turned during baking. Fans increase the airflow and, in some designs, they reverse the direction of airflow every few minutes to bake products more evenly and quickly. This chemical is used in chemical syntheses, notably in the manufacture of isocyanates, and it may be produced by thermal or ultraviolet decomposition of chlorine-containing chemicals, such as methylene chloride or trichloroethylene.Īmong the simplest designs is the deck oven, in which products are placed on shelving inside a heated cabinet. Phosgene (carbonyl chloride, COCl 2) is a well-known cause of pulmonary edema, since it was used in chemical warfare during World War. Outbreaks of acute respiratory illness in players and spectators attending ice hockey matches have been attributed to NO 2 as a result of malfunctioning ice resurfacing machines. Fatally high quantities of NO 2 may also be produced when special jet fuels explode, when tanks of nitric acid (HNO 3) explode, when materials containing high quantities of nitrogen are burned in fires, or when nitric acid reacts with metals, wood, or other cellulose materials. Silo filler's disease occurs because NO 2 is produced within a few days of fermentation of the silage, thus, posing a risk of fatal inhalation injury for anyone entering the silo. A classical risk in agriculture is that of ‘silo filler's disease’ (not to be confused with silo unloader's syndrome’, which is a form of the organic dust syndrome).
It may be encountered in a wide variety of occupational settings. NO 2 is a reddish-brown gas, heavier than air, and is often incorrectly referred to as ‘nitrous fumes’. Nemery, in Encyclopedia of Respiratory Medicine, 2006 Poorly water-soluble gasesĪs indicated above, the poorly water-soluble gases are the most hazardous ones because they are hardly noticed and they can penetrate down to the distal airways and cause delayed noncardiogenic pulmonary edema. Ingestion of water (due to degradation of higher chlorinated ethanes and ethenes in groundwater).Įven high-end estimates of aggregate exposures were very low, and well below EPA's toxicological criteria for VDC.ī. Ingestion of food into which VDC has migrated from polymer food wrap and Inhalation of residential indoor air (due its presence in latex used in carpet backing) Inhalation of ambient air (due to air emissions from manufacturing and processing facilities) According to the exposure assessment for VDC prepared under the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Voluntary Children's Chemical Evaluation Program, the most plausible exposure pathways for exposures to the general public are: Potential for consumer exposure to VDC is very low, as only very low levels of the compound remain in the polymer products. The great majority of occupational exposure would be via inhalation, and the highest concentrations would be encountered during transfer operations, sampling, and maintenance activities. Workers who could be occupationally exposed to VDC include operators, unloaders, maintenance workers, and researchers.
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