"One of the most amazing implications is that, for example, one can observe a mixture of two liquids in detailed equilibrium, yet each liquid has its own temperature." "I think the greatest significance of our work is that we rigorously showed that certain classes of essentially nonequilibrium systems can be exactly described in terms of the equilibrium's statistical mechanics (i.e., one can derive a pseudo-Hamiltonian which describes such systems)," Ivlev, at the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics in Garching, Germany, told. In a new paper published in Physical Review X, Alexei Ivlev, et al., have investigated the statistical mechanics of different types of nonreciprocal interactions and discovered some surprising results-such as that extreme temperature gradients can be generated on the particle scale. (Of course, Newton's law still holds for the complete "particles-plus-environment" system.)Īlthough there have been numerous experiments on particles with nonreciprocal interactions, not as much is known about what's happening on the microscopic level-the statistical mechanics-of these systems. Violations can occur when the environment becomes involved in the interaction between the two particles in some way, such as when an environment moves with respect to the two particles. When two objects or particles violate the third law, they are said to have nonreciprocal interactions. Even though it is one of the fundamental laws of physics, Newton's third law can be violated in certain nonequilibrium (out-of-balance) situations.
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